有机化学专业英语PPT课件下载

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•本周四晚课改为自由实践课，经图书馆查阅电子期刊(电子阅览室)或各阅览室的纸质期刊，将对期刊(化学类)的了解方式、了解并对其中某一期刊的内容进行描述以邮件形式发到如下邮箱，截止日期2010.9.20：标题：班级+学号+姓名1班：hy0408401@163.com2班：hy0408402@163.com4班：hy0408404@163.com•第四周始星期四晚9，10节课调至新图书馆一楼就业指导中心的多媒体教室高校化学工程学报Forexample学报：《有机化学》、《无机化学》、《分析化学》、《物理化学》、《中国化学》、《高分子化学》、《理化检验，……..有机化合物命名NomenclatureofOrganicCompoundsOriginoforganiccompounds•Naturallyoccurringorganiccompoundsarefoundinplants,animals,andfossilfuels•Allofthesehaveaplantorigin•Alloftheserelyonthe“fixing”ofCfromCO2•SyntheticorganiccompoundsarederivedfromfossilfuelsorplantmaterialIntroduction•MostcurrentresearchfocusesonOrganic•Originallyfrom“organic”meaninglife•Notjustchemistryoflife,chemistryofcarbon•Exceptions:–oxidesofcarbon(CO2,CO)–carbonates,bicarbonates(NaHCO3,CaCO3)–cyanides(NaCN,etc)CCCCCOneCwithnoH,orwithmetal•Carboncanformfourbonds…Carbonformsfourbonds•Carboncanformfourbonds,andformsstrongcovalentbondswithotherelements•Thiscanberepresentedinmanyways…CHCCCHCHCHClClCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3CCOCCClHHHOrganicChemistry:FunctionalGroupsFunctionalgroups•Functionalgroupsarepartsofmoleculesthatresultincharacteristicfeatures•About100functionalgroupsexist,wewillfocusonabout10•Usefultogrouptheinfinitenumberofpossibleorganiccompounds•E.g.thesimplestgroupishydrocarbonsMadeupofonlyCandHNotreallyafunctional“group”Furtherdividedinto:•Alkanes,Alkenes,Alkynes,Aromatics一些作词头的常见官能团CharacteristicgroupprefixCharacteristicgroupprefix-Brbromo-IO2iodyl-Clchloro-I(OH)2dihydroxyiodo-ClOchlorosyl-N2diazo-ClO2chloryl-N3azido-ClO3perchloryl-NOnitroso-Ffluoro-NO2nitro-Iiodo-ORR-oxy-IOiodosyl-SRR-thio主要官能团作词头和词尾时的应用名称ClassFormulaPrefixSuffixcarboxylic-COOHcarboxy-carboxylicacidacid-(C)OOH--oicacidsulfonicacid-SO3Hsulfo-sulfonicacidsalts-COOM-(C)OOM-------metal…carboxylatemetal…oateesters-COOR-(C)OORR-oxycarbonyl----R-carboxylateR-carboxylateacidhalides-CO-halogen-(C)O-halideHaloformyl-----carbonylhalide-oylhalideamides-CO-NH2-(C)O-NH2Carbamoyl------carboxamide-amideamidine-C(=NH)-NH2-(C)(=NH)-NH2Amidino----carboxamidine-amidineClassFormulaPrefixSuffixnitriles-C=N-(C)=NCyano-----carbonitrile-nitrilealdehydes-CHO-(C)HOformyloxo-carbaldehyde-alketones=(C)=Ooxo-oneAlcoholsandphenols-OHhydroxy-olthiols-SHmeracapto-thiolamines-NH2amino-amineimines-NHimino-imineethers-ORR-oxy--sulfides-SRR-thio--Organiccompounds1.Hydrocarbon(烃)a)SaturatedMethane(C1);Ethane(C2);Propane(C3);Butane(C4);Pentane(C5);Hexane(C6);Heptane(C7);Octane(C8);Nonane(C9);Decane(C10);Undecane(C11);Dodecane(C12);Tri+decane(C13);Tetra+decane(C14)……..Nona+decane(C19)CH4(Methane)-CH3(Methyl)C2H6(Ethane)-C2H5(Ethyl)(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-，　(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona,(10)deca-，•11~19Alkane=Numberprefix-decane•Forexample:•11-alkaneUndecane•12-alkaneDodecane•13-alkaneTridecane•14-alkaneTetradecane•15-alkanePentadecane•16-alkaneHexadecane•17-alkaneHeptadecane•18-alkaneOctadecane•19-alkaneNonadecane•20-alkaneEicosane•21~29Alkane=Numberprefix-cosane•Forexample:•21-alkaneHenicosane•22-alkaneDocosane•23-alkaneTricosane•24-alkaneTetracosane•25-alkanePentacosane•………………..•30-AlkaneTriacontane•31~39Alkane=Numberprefix-triacontane•Forexample:31-AlkaneHentriacontane•32-AlkaneDotriacontane•33-AlkaneTritriacontane•34-AlkaneTetratriacontane•35-AlkanePentatriacontane•36-AlkaneHexatriacontane•…………………•40~90Alkane=Numberprefix-contane•Forexample:•40AlkaneTetracontane•50AlkanePentacontane•60AlkaneHexacontane•70AlkaneHeptacontane•80AlkaneOctacontane•90AlkaneNonacontane•100AlkaneHectane132一百三十二烷dotricontahectane200二百烷dictane300三百烷trictane400四百烷tetractane500五百烷pentactane600六百烷hexactane700七百烷heptactane800八百烷octactane900九百烷nonactane100~900Alkane=Numberprefix-ctane1000一千烷kiliane1234一千二百三十四烷tetratriacontadictakiliane2000两千烷diliane3000三千烷triliane4000四千烷tetraliane5000五千烷pentaliane6000六千烷hexaliane7000七千烷heptaliane8000八千烷octaliane9000九千烷nonaliane9999九千九百九十九烷nonanonacontanonactanonaliane≥1000Alkane=Numberprefix-liane九九十九百九千UnivalentradicalsRadical=Alk-yl命名含支链的烷烃时，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是某些氢(hydrogen)原子被称为烷基(alkylgroups)的原子取代。命名烷基时，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。forexample:CH3-MethylCH3CH2-EthylCH3CH2CH2-PropylCH3(CH2)2CH2-ButylBivalentradicals(亚基)Radical=Alk+yl+(id)eneforexample:-CH2-methyleneCH3CHethylidene(CH3)2Cisopropylidene-CH2CH2-1,2-ethylidene-CH2CH2CH2-1,3-propylideneTrivalentradicals(次基)HCmethylidyneCH3Cethylidyne(叔丁基)Univalentbranchedradicals•Radical=Alk-yl•Forexample:isopentyl(异戊基)isobutyl(异丁基)(仲丁基)iso:异neo:新sec:仲tert:叔Saturatedbranched-chainhydrocarbon•branched-chainhydrocarbon=•n-Radical+alkane•Forexample:CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC2-Methylbutane4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptane2,2-Dimethylpropane2,5-二甲基-4-乙基庚烷Polysidechainhydrocarbon•Butyl>Ethyl>Isopropyl>Methyl>Propyl•Forexample:CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC12345674-Ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane12345674-Ethyl-3-methyl-4-propyl-heptane3,3-二甲基-4-乙基庚烷3-甲基-4-乙基-4-丙基庚烷•对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异”（iso-）、“仲”(sec-)、“叔”（tert-）、“新”（neo-）等字命名。下面是一些符合条件的烷基，其系统命名和普通命名如下：(CH3)2CH-CH-2-MethylpropylIsobutylCH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-1-Methylpropylsec-Butyl(CH3)3C-1,1-Dimethylethyltert-ButylCH3-CH2-C(CH3)2-1,1-Dimethylpropyltert-pentyl(CH3)3C-CH2-2,2-DimethylpropylNeopentyl2,4,5-trimethylheptane2,2-dimethylpropane4-methyl-5-isopropyloctaneor4-methyl-5-(2-methylethyl)octaneUnsaturated(-ene,-yne)•烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”（ane）改为“烯”（ene）或“炔”（yne），名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时，可在前边加上di、tri、tetra等数字来表示。有些简单的烯炔类化合物可用普通名称。例如：CH2=CH2EtheneCH2=CHCH2CH2CH31-PenteneCH2=C=CH21,2-PropadieneEthyne1,3-ButadiyneHCCHHCCCCHAlkene=Numberprefix-ene/yne-C=C-C（Propenyl←propene);C=C-C-(allyl);-C=C(Ethynyl←Ethyne);C=C-(Vinyl)H3CCH3but-2-ynehexa-2,4-diyneH3Cpropene2-methylbut-2-enehexa-1,3,5-trienebuta-1,3-dienePoly-ene/ynen-Alkene=Alk-a-n-ene/yneAlkenyne=Numberprefix-en-yneTwoene+oneyne-adien-?-yneThreeene+oneyne-atrien-?-yneOneene+twoyne-en-?-diyneForexample:CCCCCC1,3-Hexadien-5-yneCCCCC3-Penten-1-yneCCCCCCCC7-Octene-1,3-diyne系统命名中，应选含不饱和键最多且最长的直链。如分子中有两条直链具有相同数目的不饱和键时，取碳原子数较多者为主链。如碳原子数相同，则取含双键数目较多者为主链。例如:3,4-Dipropyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne4-Vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne5-Ethynyl-1,3,6-heptatrienevinyl:乙烯基ethynyl:乙炔基cyclobutanecyclopentanecyclopropane3-ethyl-1-methylcyclopentaneCH2CH21,2-dicyclohexylethaneCyclichydrocarbons——cycloalkane　不饱和单环烃的命名是把相应的饱和单环烃的词尾ane改为ene(烯)、yne(炔)、adiene(二烯)、adiyne(二炔)、enyne(烯炔)等，并使不饱和键尽可能取最小编号。例如：1,5-cyclooctadien-3-yne　　　　　　　　　　　　5-methylene-1,3-cyclopentadieneCH2Polycyclicsystems—bridgedcyclo-hydrocarbonsCCCCCCCCCCC1234567891011Tricyclo[5,4,0,02,9]undecaneCCCCCCCCCCCCCTricyclo[5,5,1,03,11]tridecane1234567891011Tricyclo[5,3,1,06,10]undecane12345678Tricyclo[3,2,1,02,4]octaneBicyclo[2.2.1]heptaneBicyclo[2.2.2]octaneCH3CH3CH3biphenyl1,3,7-trimethylnaphthaleneSpiro[3.5]nonane1-Methylspiro[3.5]non-5-ene螺环烃　(spirohydrocarbons)CH3Aromatic(芳香的)cyclo-OctadecaneCH3benzenetolueneCH3xyleneCH3phenylCH2benzylnaphthaleneanthracenecyclohexanecyclopenta-1,3-diene1-Pentylbenzene1-Phenylheptane2-Phenyl-2-buteneisopropenylbenzeneCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3CCH2CH3CCHCH3CH3苯环上连有不饱和取代基时，将苯环作为链的衍生物命名，但当不饱和链不超过三个碳原子时，通常都作为苯的衍生物命名。CHCH3CH3CHCHCH3CH3CH3CH=CH2CH2=CHCH3CH3CH31,4-Divinylbenzene1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene3-Isopropyl-1-Methylbenzenem-Diethylbenzene两个烷基取代的苯环，因为取代位置不同，可以有三个异构体，可由阿拉伯数字表示，也可用邻、间、对表示，英文名称则分别用o、m、p表示。例如：O-Dimethylbenzene此表示方法只用于两个取代基相同或两取代基不同但其中有一个为俗名的一部分。例如：p-tert-Butyltoluene邻位：orthoposition;间位：metaposition；对位：parapositionCH3CH3C(CH3)3CH3苯环上联有三个取代基时，由于它们的位置不同而常用数字定位号区别，取代基若是相同，可用“连”(vic),、“偏”(unsym)、“均”(sym)来表示。例如：1,3,5-Triethylbenzene1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene或sym-Triethylbenzene或vic-TrimethylbenzeneCH2CH3H3CH2CCH2CH3H3CCH3CH3CHCH2CH3H3CCH3CH(CH3)2CH3CH(CH3)2CH3常用取代苯化合物的俗名(Trivialname)Toluenep-XyleneCymeneMesityleneStyreneCumene2.HalogenatedHydrocarbon(卤化烃)Cl2-chlorobutaneCl2-chloro-2-methylpropaneHCIHHBr3-bromocyclohexeneFBrCl3-bromo-5-chloropenta-1,3-dieneiodomethanefluorobenzeneCH3Cl(methylchloride)chloromethaneCH2CHClchloroethylene(vinylchloride)Cl(chloromethyl)benzene(benzylchloride)3.HydrocarbonContainingOO(含氧烃)OHethanolH3COH3-methylbutan-2-olOHOHOHglycerolOHOHpropane-1,3-diola)AlcoholCH2CHCH2OHCH3CCH3CH3CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OHAllylalcoholNeopentylalcoholAmylalcoholAlcoholRadicals(1).RO-(R=C1~C4)Radical=Alk+oxyforexample:CH3O-MethoxyCH3CH2O-EthoxyCH3CH2CH2CH2O-ButoxyCH3CH2CH2O-Propoxy(2).RO-(RC4)Radical=Alkyl-oxyForexample:(3).-O-X-O-Radical=X-dioxyforexample:-OCH2O-Methylenedioxy-OCH2CH2O-EthylenedioxyCH2OCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OBenzyloxyPentyloxyOHphenolOHOHpyrocatecholOHOHresorcinolOHOHhydroquinone(benzene-1,2,-diol)(benzene-1,3,-diol)(benzene-1,4,-diol)b)Phenols*Asasubstitutedgroup,itiscalled“hydroxy”COOHOH3-hydroxybutanoicacidOCH3methylphenyletherOoxirane(Epoxyethane)CH3OCH3dimethyletherCH3OC2H5ethylmethyletherOHOC2H54-ethoxyphenolOCl2-chloro-oxirane*Asasubstitutedgroup,itiscalled“alkoxy”COOHOCH33-methoxybutanoicacidO2NOCH31-methoxy-3-nitrobenzenec)etherd)aldehydesorketones(醛和酮)CH3CHOacetaldehydeHCHOformaldehydeCHObut-2-enalOHCpentanalOO1-phenylethanoneO1-phenylbutan-2-oneOacetonehex-4-en-3-oneCHOO3-oxopentanalOHCCHOOH3-hydroxyhexanedialFCHO2-fluorobenzaldehydeCHOCOOH3-formylbenzoicacidReview:benzene;toluene;benzyl;phenyl;phenol;methanol;ethanol;diethylether;methylphenylether;acetone(propanone);1-phenylethanoneformaldehyde;acetaldehyde;benzaldehydeCH3COOHaceticacidHCOOHformicacidCOOHpropionicacidCOOHbutyricacide)Carboxylicacid(羧酸)carboxyl(羧基)COOHpentanoicacidCOOHdecanoicacidCOOH3-methylbutanoicacidHOOCCOOH3-methylpentanedioicacidHOOCbut-3-enoicacidCOOHCOOHphthalicacidCOOHbenzoicacidNCOOHpyridine-2-carboxylicacidC11H23COOHlauricacidC13H27COOHmyristicacidC15H31COOHpalmiticacidstearicacidC17H35COOHC17H33COOHoleicacidCOOHcyclohexanecarboxylicacidCOOHacrylicacidCOOHCOOHCOOHbenzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylicacidCOOHCOOHmaleicacidCOOHCOOHsuccinicacidCOOHHOOCfumaricacidCH3COOEtethylacetateCH2CCOOMeCH3methyl2-methylacrylateC11H23COOC3H7propyllauratef)Carboxylicacidderivative(羧酸衍生物)OHCOOPhphenylsalicylateCOOMeCOOMe(di)methylsuccinateCOOMeCOOEtethylmethylsuccinateester-ate中文：先酸后烷氧基，英文：先烷基后酸酯COOEtClethyl3-chloro-4-methylbenzoateCOOBuCOOBudibutylphthalateH3CCOOvinylacetatemethylsuccinatemonoesterEtOOCCOOEtdiethylterephthalatediesterCOOMeHOOCOOObenzoicpropanoicanhydrideOOOaceticanhydrideOOOphthalicanhydrideCH3OClacetylchlorideOBrbutanoylbromideCOClbenzoylchlorideCOClcyclohexanecarbonylchlorideCOBrOH2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoylbromideacyl酰基anhydride酸酐4.HydrocarbonContainingNroot-n-amine胺NH2ethanamineNH22-methylpropan-1-amineNTriethylaminecyclohexanamineNH2NH2NN,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamineNH2NH2benzene-1,2-diamineNH2NH2butane-1,4-diamineNH2OH3-aminopropan-1-olNH2COOH2-aminobenzoicacidCH3NO2nitromethaneO2NNO2NO22-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene(1,3,5-trinitro-toluene)NO1-methyl-4-nitrosobenzeneNNdiphenyldiazeneNNCH31-methyl-2-phenyldiazenePhNHNHPh1,2-diphenylhydrazineOHNN,N-dimethylaminoethanolTNThydrazine肼，联氨diazene,nitrene氮烯NOCH3CH3N,N-dimethylbenzamideCONH2cyclopenta-1,3-diene-1-carboxamidebenzamideCONH2COOH2-(aminocarbonyl)benzoicacidNH2OCH3CONH2acetamideNHOONHOOphthalimideSuccinimideCNbutyronitrileCNCNphthalonitrileCNCOOH3-cyanobenzoicacidCOOHCN2-cyanobutanoicacidCNbenzonitrileCNCNCN4-methylheptane-1,3,6-tricarbonitrileNCCOOEtethylcyanoacetateCNCNCNheptane-1,3,6-tricarbonitrilenitrile腈cyano-(-CN)CH3CNacetronitrile5.HydrocarbonContainingSSsulfo(磺基)SO3HethanesulfonicacidSO3H4-methylbenzenesulfonicacidSOOOHOHsulfuricacidCOOHSO3H2-sulfobenzoicacidSO3C2H5ethylbenzenesulfonateSOOOOC2H5C2H5diethylsulfateCH2CH2SHCH3propane-1-thiolSHbenzenethiolSHcyclopentanethiolSHOHC4-mercaptobenzaldehydeSHCOOHmercaptoaceticacidShexane-3-thioneSHSHpentane-2,4-dithiolOHSH4-mercaptohexan-3-olthiol硫醇；-SHmercapto?DMFDMSOHNOCH3CH3DMF:N,N-DimethylformamideDMSO:DimethylsulfoxideCH3SCH3ONH1H-pyrroleNNHNNH1H-pyrazole1H-imidazoleßÁ¿©ßäßòßÁßòNH1H-indoleßÅßáONH1,3-oxazole¶ñßòOONH1,2,3-dioxazoleONHN1,2,4-oxadiazole¶þ¶ñßò¶ñ¶þßòheterocycliccompounds：OOSthiophenefurantetrahydrofuranàç·Ôß»à«ËÄÇâß»à«NH9H-carbazoleßÇßòNNHNNpyridinepiperidinepyrimidineßÁà¤ßßà¤ßäà¤Nquinolineà­ßø•a.1,1,1-trifloroethane•b.cis-2-butene•c.1-heptyne•d.2-chloro-4,5-dimethylnonane•e.cyclo-hexane•f.ethylcyclo-propane•g.aniline•h.m-dichlorobenzene•i.2,4,6-trinitrotoluene•j.o-iodotoluene•k.ethylpentanoate•l.2-bromohexanal•m.N-methylpropanamideGivethestructureoftheorganiccompoundsn.propylpentylethero.methoxypropanep.ethylformiateq.o-ethylbenzoicacidr.1,3-propanedioicacids.m-iodophenolt.propylamineu.1,4-butanediolv.3-chloropentanoicacidw.1,3-dibromo-2-propanonex.methyl-3-chloropropylethery.3-hydroxy-1-pentynez.acetylchloride